Leadership Styles of Female Principals at SMK Negeri 1 Penawar Tama and SMK Negeri 1 Banjar Margo Tulang Bawang Lampung
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.62951/ijeepa.v3i1.457Keywords:
Educational, Female Principals, Leadership Style, Leadership, School ManagementAbstract
School leadership plays a strategic role in improving educational quality through effective management, the creation of a positive school culture, and the achievement of learning outcomes, while women’s participation in educational leadership continues to face structural and cultural challenges related to gender stereotypes. This study aims to analyze the leadership styles of female principals at SMK Negeri 1 Penawar Tama and SMK Negeri 1 Banjar Margo, identify supporting and inhibiting factors, and examine the strategies implemented to improve school quality. The research employed a descriptive qualitative approach, with principals, teachers, and students as research subjects. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, passive participatory observation, and documentation, and were analyzed using interactive qualitative analysis techniques involving data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing, with validity ensured through triangulation and member checks. The results indicate that female principals apply a combination of democratic-participatory, transformational, visionary, humanistic-communicative, and professional exemplary leadership styles. These leadership practices are reflected in inclusive decision-making, open communication, moral exemplarity, and strategic programs oriented toward student competence and institutional development. Supporting factors include strong personal commitment, high discipline, a conducive school climate, and stakeholder support, while inhibiting factors consist of limited infrastructure, policy changes, internal differences of opinion, and gender-based social pressures. The study concludes that, despite existing obstacles, female principals are able to implement adaptive and participatory leadership strategies that foster a positive work climate, enhance school community involvement, and contribute significantly to improving the quality and sustainability of vocational education.
References
Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) Provinsi Lampung. (2023). Indeks Pembangunan Gender Provinsi Lampung Tahun 2023. Lampung: BPS Provinsi Lampung. Diakses dari https://lampung.bps.go.id
Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) Provinsi Lampung. (2024). Statistik Pendidikan Provinsi Lampung Tahun Pelajaran 2023/2024. Lampung: BPS Provinsi Lampung. Diakses dari https://lampung.bps.go.id
Bass, B. M. (1990). Bass & Stogdill’s Handbook of Leadership: Theory, Research, and Managerial Applications (3rd ed.). Free Press.
Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1994). Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Beason, L. (1992). Gender and Leadership: Women in Educational Administration. Journal of Educational Leadership, 6(4), 201–213.
Bush, T. (2011). Theories of Educational Leadership and Management (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. New York, NY: Routledge.
Connell, R. W. (2002). Gender and power: Society, the person and sexual politics. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Creswell, John W. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. 5th ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Eagly, A. H., & Carli, L. L. (2003). The female leadership advantage: An evaluation of the evidence. The Leadership Quarterly, 14(6), 807–834.
Eagly, A. H., & Carli, L. L. (2007). Through the labyrinth: The truth about how women become leaders. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Eagly, A. H., & Johannesen-Schmidt, M. C. (2001). The leadership styles of women and men. Journal of Social Issues, 57(4), 781–797.
Eagly, A. H., & Johnson, B. T. (1990). Gender and leadership style: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 108(2), 233–256.
Eagly, A. H., & Karau, S. J. (2002). Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders. Psychological Review, 109(3), 573–598.
Febriantina, S. (2015). Peran Perempuan dalam Pembangunan Pendidikan. Jurnal Gender dan Pembangunan, 5(2), 17–26.
Fitrah, M., & Kristiawan, M. (2018). Perempuan dan Kepemimpinan Pendidikan: Sebuah Analisis Gender. Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Islam, 3(1), 1–13.
Heifetz, R. A. (1994). Leadership without easy answers. Harvard University Press.
Heilman, M. E. (2001). Description and prescription: How gender stereotypes prevent women’s ascent up the organizational ladder. Journal of Social Issues, 57(4), 657–674.
Helgesen, S. (1990). The female advantage: Women’s ways of leadership. New York, NY: Doubleday.
Helgesen, S. (2011). The female vision: Women’s real power at work. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Hersey, P., & Blanchard, K. H. (1982). Management of organizational behavior: Utilizing human resources (4th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Hoy, W. K., & Miskel, C. G. (2013). Educational administration: Theory, research, and practice (9th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Kristiawan, M. (2017). Manajemen pendidikan. Yogyakarta: Deepublish.
Leithwood, K., Day, C., Sammons, P., Harris, A., & Hopkins, D. (2006). Successful school leadership: What it is and how it influences pupil learning. Nottingham: The Education and Leadership Development Network.
Lewin, K., Lippitt, R., & White, R. K. (1939). Patterns of aggressive behavior in experimentally created social climates. Journal of Social Psychology, 10(2), 271–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1939.9713366
Li, X., Qi, L., & Zhang, Y. (2022). Participative leadership: A literature review and prospects for future research. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, Article 924357. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.924357
Lincoln, Y. S., & Guba, E. G. (1985). Naturalistic Inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
Machali, I., & Hidayat, A. (2016). The handbook of education management: Teori dan praktik pengelolaan sekolah/madrasah di Indonesia. Prenadamedia Group.
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. 2014. Qualitative Data Analysis: A Methods Sourcebook (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Moleong, L. J. (2021). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Edisi Revisi. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya.
Mulyasa, E. (2006). Manajemen kepala sekolah profesional. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya.
National Society of Leadership and Success. (2022, June 15). Key Characteristics of Democratic Leadership. Diakses dari: https://www.nsls.org/blog/key-characteristics-of-democratic-leadership
Northouse, P. G. (2016). Leadership: Theory and practice (7th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Nurvita, A. (2019). Kepemimpinan Perempuan dalam Dunia Pendidikan di Indonesia. Jurnal Kepemimpinan dan Manajemen Sekolah, 4(1), 23–35.
Peraturan Direktur Jenderal Guru dan Tenaga Kependidikan. (2023). Model kompetensi kepala sekolah (PerDirjen GTK No. 7327 Tahun 2023). Diakses dari https://uploads.belajar.id/document/files/SALINAN_Perdirjen_GTK_tentang_Model_Kompetensi_Kepala_Sekolah_01hy0vvz2v01jzh54k3nrsg5m6.pdf
Rahmaten, R., & Mustari, M. (2023). Kepala Sekolah Penggerak dalam Mewujudkan Pendidikan Berkualitas. Radar Edukasi. Diakses dari https://radaredukasi.com/2023/06/04/kepala-sekolah-penggerak-dalam-mewujudkan-pendidikan-berkualitas/
Rahmawati, L. (2020). Gaya Kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah Perempuan dan Tantangan Gender. Jurnal Administrasi Pendidikan, 7(3), 54–67.
Robbins, S. P., & Coulter, M. (2016). Management (13th ed.). Harlow, England: Pearson Education.
Robinson, D. G. (2001). Leadership and Organizational Behavior. McGraw-Hill.
Rosner, J. (1990). Ways Women Lead. Harvard Business Review, 68(6), 119–125.
Saldaña, J. (2013). The coding manual for qualitative researchers (2nd ed.). London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Sergiovanni, T. J. (1992). Moral leadership: Getting to the heart of school improvement. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Sergiovanni, T. J. (2001). The principalship: A reflective practice perspective (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Sugiyono. (2019). Metode penelitian kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional. (2003). Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2003 Nomor 78. Diakses dari https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/43019/uu-no-20-tahun-2003
Wahjosumidjo, S. (2011). Kepemimpinan Pendidikan di Sekolah. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
Wahjosumidjo. (2010). Kepala sekolah: Tinjauan teoritis dan permasalahannya. Jakarta: RajaGrafindo Persada.
Wahjosumidjo. (2011). Kepemimpinan kepala sekolah: Tinjauan teoretik dan permasalahannya. Jakarta: RajaGrafindo Persada.
Widodo, H. (2019). Kepemimpinan kepala sekolah perempuan di sekolah dasar muhammadiyah Kabupaten Sleman. Pedagogia: Jurnal Pendidikan, 8(1), 127-137.
Yeni Wulandari, dkk. (2018). Perbandingan Gaya Kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah Laki-Laki dan Perempuan. Jurnal Kepemimpinan Pendidikan, 4(1), 87–94.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
